თანამედროვეობა და მისი შედეგები

   გიდენსი თანამედროვეობას oTx ZiriTad institutze dayrdnobiT gansazRvravs. maT Soris pirvelia _ kapitalizmi, romelic, rogorc cnobilia, axasiaTebs sasaqonlo mrewveloba, kapitalze kerZo sakuTreba, sakuTrebis uflebis gareSe daqiravebuli Sroma  da aqedan gamomdinare klasobrivi struqtura.  Mmeore  institutia _ industrializmi, sadac igulisxmeba, rom mrewvelobisaTvis gamoiyeneba energiisa da manqana_xelsawyoebis arasulieri wyaroebi. industrializmi ar ifargleba mxolod mrewvelobiT, aramed exeba sxva sferoebsac, magaliTad, ,,satransporto komunikaciebsa da ojaxur cxovrebas” (Giddens, 1990,p.56). maSin, rodesac or pirvel maxasiaTebels axals ver daarqmev, mesame _ zedamxedvelobis SesaZlebloba axalia, Tumc bevradaa damokidebuli miSel fukos Semoqmedebaze. (ix. Tavi I3). Ggidensis gansazRvrebiT ,,zedamxedveloba niSnavs daqvemdebarebuli mosaxleobis politikur (ZiriTadSi, magram ara mxolod) sferoSi qmedebebze dakvirvebas” (Giddens, 1990, p.58). Tanamedroveobis bolo institucionaluri ganzomileba _ es aris samxedro Zliereba, anu kontroli Zaladobis saSualebebze, omis industrializaciis CaTvliT. garda amisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom gidensi Tanamedroveobis analizisas, yovel SemTxvevaSi makrodoneze, yuradRebas amaxvilebs Tanamedrove erovnul saxelmwifoze (da ara sazogadoebaze, rac ufro miRebulia sociologiaSi), rac miaCnia wina epoqis sazogadoebisagan mniSvnelovan ganmasxvavebel maxasiaTeblad.

გიდენსის struqturaciuli Teoriis Tanaxmad Tanamedroveobas dinamizms aniWeba sami arsebiTi aspeqti: distancireba, gamonTavisufleba da refleqsuroba. Ppirveli aspeqtia _ droisa da sivrcis dayofa, anu distancireba (Tumca mzardi dayofis aRniSnuli procesi, rogorc gidensis Semoqmedebis sxva aspeqtebi, dialeqtikuria da ara sworxazobrivi). Tanamedroveobamdel sazogadoebebSi dro yovelTvis sivrcesTanaa kavSirSi da drois gazomva ar iyo zusti. Mmodernizaciis dadgomisas dro standartizirebul iqna da drosa da sivrces Soris mWidro kavSiri dairRva. Aam azriT droca da sivrcec Sinaarsisagan ,,daicala”; aranair drosa da sivrces ar gaaCnia privilegirebuli mdgomareoba; isini gadaiqcnen wminda formebad. Tanamedroveobamdel sazogadoebebSi sivrce ZiriTadad ganisazRvreba fizikurad, e.i. mkacrad gansazRvruli adgiliT. Tanamedrove epoqis dadgomisas sivrce TandaTanobiT dascilda adgils. Uufro SesaZlebelia urTierToba imaTTan, vinc fizikurad aq ar aris da moSorebiT imyofeba. Ggidensi Tvlis, rom adgili ,,fantasmagoriulia”, e.i. ,,qmedebis adgilebi ganmsWvalulia da yalibdeba maTgan sakmaod moSorebuli socialuri zemoqmedebebiT.. .. qmedebis adgilis ,,xiluli forma” faravs distanciur mimarTebebs, romlebic mis xasiaTs gansazRvraven” (Giddens,1990,p.19).

Ddroul-sivrcul distancirebas TanamedroveobaSi didi mniSvneloba aqvs ramodenime mizezis gamo: jer-erTi, is SesaZlebels xdis biurokratiisa da erovnuli saxelmwifos tipis racionalizirebul organizaciebs maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli dinamizmiT (Tanamedroveobamdel formebTan SedarebiT) da lokaluri da globaluri formebis gaerTianebis unariT. Mmeore, Tanamedrove samyaro moqceulia msoflio istoriis fundamentur gagebaSi da am istoriidan qmnis dRevandelobas.  Mmesame, aRniSnuli distancireba, gidensis mixedviT, Tanamedroveobis Ddinamizmis meore wyaros _ gamonTavisuflebis _ mniSvnelovani winapirobaa.

Ggidensis mixedviT ,,gamonTavisufleba” gulisxmobs socialuri urTierTobebis ,,,,mowyvetas” urTierTqmedebebis lokaluri konteqstebisa da maTi  restruqturirebisagan sivrceze, drois SeuzRudav monakveTebze” (1990,p.21) (?). Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi gadamwyvet rols asrulebs ori gamxrwneli meqanizmi. Ppirvelia, simboluri niSnebi, romelTagan yvelaze cnobilia fuli.Ffuli uzrunvelyofs droul-sivrcul distancirebas: Cven SegviZlia SevTanxmdeT Ddrosa da sivrceSi sakmaod moSorebulad myof  adamianebTan. Mmeqanizmebis meore tipia _ eqspertuli sistemebi, romlebic ganisazRvrebian, rogorc ,,teqnikuri Sesrulebis sitemebi an profesionaluri eqspertizebi, romlebic awesrigeben Cveni cxovrebis materialur da socialur garemos” (Giddens, 1990,p.27). eqspertuli sistemebi aerTianeben iseT profesionalebs, rogorebicaa eqimebi da iuristebi, magram Cvens yoveldRiurobaSic, Cveni manqanebi da saxlebi, aseve Seqmnila eqspertuli sistemebis mier da ganicdian zemoqmedebas maTi mxridan. eqspertuli sistemebi gvaZleven drosa da sivrcis miRma qmedebis garantiebs (Tumca riski aris).

Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi sadac mniSvnelovani droul-sivrculi distancirebiT batonoben abstraqturli sistemebi, udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs ndobas. Nndobis moTxovna dakavSirebulia am distancirebasTan: ,,Cven ara gvaqvs vinmes ndobis moTxovna,  vinc mudmivad Cveni mxedvelobis areSia  da vis qmedebasac SeiZleba Tvalyuri vadevnoT” (Giddens, 1991,p.19). ndoba xdeba aucilebeli, rodesac Cven, droisa Tu sivrcis TvalsazrisiT mzardi distancirebis Sedegad, aRara gvaqvs sruli informacia socialuri qmedebebis Sesaxeb (Graib, 1992,p.99).  ndoba es aris ,,raime movlenebis Sesaxeb adamianis an sistemis saimedobis rwmena, sadac es rwmena aris adamianis patiosnebis, sxvisi siyvarulis an abstraqtuli principebis (teqnikuri codna) rwmena”(Giddens, 1990,p.34). ndobas aqvs udidesi mniSvneloba ara mxolod mTlianad Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi, agreTve simboluri niSnebisa da eqspertuli sistemebisaTvis, romlebic Tanamedrove samyaroSi gamonTavisuflebis meqanizmis funqciebi akisria. magaliTad, fuladi ekonomikisa da samarTlebrivi sistemis normaluri funqcionirebisaTvis aucilebelia adamians qondes maT mimarT ndoba.

refleqsuroba _ es aris Tanamedroveobis dinamiurobis mesame maxasiaTebeli. gidensis struqturaciuli Teoriis fundamenturi Tviseba (iseve rogorc, misi azriT, adamianuri arseboba), refleqsuroba TanamedroveobaSi, iZens gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas,  sadac ,,socialur praqtika arsebiTad icvlis xasiaTs, radgan mas mudmivad ikvleven da gardaqmnian am praqtikebis Sesaxeb miRebuli informaciis safuZvelze” (Giddens, 1990,p.38). Tanamedrove samyaroSi yovelive Ria aris refleqsiisaTvis, maT Soris TviT refleqsiac, rac Cven gviqmnis sruli gaurkvevlobis SegrZnebas. Aamave dros aq xelaxla iCens Tavs ormagi hermenevtikis problema (ix. Tavi II), radganac eqspertebis refleqsia socialur samyaroze cvlis, rogorc wesi, TviT am samyaros.

Tanamedrove cxovrebis gaSualebuli xasiaTi rig gansakuTrebul kiTxvebs ayenebs. erTi maTgania _ zogadad abstraqtuli sistemebisadmi da kerZod saeqsperto sistemebisadmi ndobis aucilebloba. Tavis erT-erT sadavo metaforaSi gidensi ambobs, rom ,,bavSvebs acrian”  pirveladi socializaciis periodis ndobis ,,doziT”, romelic asakSi Sesvlisas xels uwyobs maT mier garkveuli ontologiuri usafrTxoebis ndobis SeZenas. es ndoba, rogorc wesi, Zlierdeba yoveldRiuri movlenebis paralelurad. magram arsebobs TanamedroveobasTan dakavSirebuli axali  da saSiSi riskic, romelic mudmivad emuqreba Cvens ndobas gvibiZgebs yovlismomcveli ontologiuri arasaimedoobisaken. Aase Tvlis gidensi, Tumca gamxrwnelma meqanizmebma uzrunvelyves Cveni usafrTxoeba zogierT sferoebSi, magram maTve Seqmnes ,,riskis gansakuTrebuli profili”. riskis xasiaTi globaluria SemTxveviTi movlenebis siZlierisa (birTvuli omi Cven yvelas gagvanadgurebs) da gavrcelebis TvalsazrisiT, radgan exeba msoflioSi adamianTa umravlesobas (magaliTad, cvlilebebi Sromis saerTaSoriso danawilebis sferoSi). garda amisa, Cveni mcdelobebi  vmarToT garemomcveli samyaro aseve Seicavs risks. riskis albaTobas Seicavs institucionaluri garemoc, magaliTad investiciis  globaluri bazrebi. Aadamianebi sul ufro acnobiereben riskis arsebobas da  religiac da adaT-wesebic sul ufro nakleb imeds iZlevian, rom SesZleben am riskebis gadaakeTebas imedis safuZvlad. dRes sazogadoebis didi  nawili, albaT, informirebulia riskis sakiTxebze, romlebic Cven gvemuqrebian. Dda bolos, cnobierebas umZims imis gacnobiereba, rom riskisadmi winaaRmdegobis gawevis SesaZleblobebSi eqspertuli sistemebi SezRudulia.

ra moxda? ratomaa, rom Cven Tavad varT Tanamedroveobis, am damangreveli manqanis mgzavrebi da mainc gvaqvs negatiuri Sedegebi? Ggidensi asaxelebs ramodenime mizezs. maTgan pirvelia _ konstruqciis defeqtebi, romelTac aqvT adgili Tanamedrove samyaroSi: maT, vinc Seqmnes Tanamedrove samyaros elementebi, dauSves Secdomebi. Mmeore SesaZlo mizezia _ operatorTa uunaroba: problema exeba ara imaT, vinc Seqmna Tanamedrove samyaro, aramed imaT,  vinc mas marTavs. Mmagram gidensi ZiriTad mniSvnelobas Semdeg or faqtors aniWebs esenia _ winaswarganusazRvreli Sedegebi da socialuri codnis refleqsuroba. mxedvelobaSia, rom axali codna mudmivad ubiZgebs sistemas axali mimarTulebebiT da  rom SeuZlebelia sistemaze qmedebis gavlenis zusti prognozireba. CamoTvlili mizezebis gamo Cven ver SevZlebT vakontroloT damangreveli Zala _ Tanamedrove samyaro.

Dda mainc, gidensi ar Tmobs da gvTavazobs utopiuri relizmis paradoqsul kurss, is eZebs wonasworobas utopiur idealebsa da Tanamedroveobis cxovrebis realiebs Soris. is aseve aniWeba mniSvnelobas socialuri moZraobebis im rols, romelic SeiZleba Seasrulon maT Tanamedrove samyaros zogierTi riskis dasaZlevad, maT Sesaneleblad.

Ggidensis mcdeloba (Giddens, 1994) moiZios kompromisuli politikuri pozicia Cans erT-erTi bolo wignis dasaxelebaSi _ ,,memarcxeneobisa da memarjveneobis miRma: radikaluri politikis momavali”. maSin, rodesac arsebuli politikuri poziciebi kargaven sicocxlisunarianobas, gidensi gvTavazobs gardaqmnil ,,radikalur politikas”, romelic dafuZnebulia utopiur realizmze da orientirebulia siRaribis, garemos dabinZurebis problemebze, socialur cxovrebaSi Zaladobaze, iZulebaze, despotur Zalauflebaze. gidensis politikur poziciaSi miRebulia kapitalizmis zogierTi aspeqtebi (magaliTad, bazris), da socializmis mravali aspeqtis uaryofa (magaliTad, revoluciis). amgvarad, gidensi upiratesobas aniWebs Zalze viwro da Znel politikur bagirze siaruls.

Tanamedroveobaze aRwerili  Sexedulebebis safuZvelze SevecadoT ganvsazRvroT, Tu rogoria gidensis pozicia postTanamedroveobis mimarT. erTi mxriv, is uaryofs praqtikulad yvela princips, romlebsac Cven vakavSirebT postmodernizmTan. magaliTad, rodesac exeba sistematuri codnis SeuZleblobis sakiTxs, gidensi ambobs, rom es Tvalsazrisi Cven migviyvans ,,inteleqtualuri moRvaweobis srul uaryofamde” (1990,p.47). magram, miaCnia, rom Cven vcxovrobT ,,maRali” Tanamedroveobis epoqaSi. am samyaros, misi azriT, unda axasiaTebdes postdeficituri sistema, sul ufro mravalfenovani demokratizacia, demilitarizacia da teqnologiis humanizacia. magram, cxadia ar arsebobs aranairi garantiebi, rom samyaros gezs aiRebs postmodernis raime, rom araferi vTqvaT mis sruli Tvisebebisaken. gidensis azriT, refleqsuroba vlindeba imaSi, rom aseT SesaZleblobebze saubrisas is (sxvebic) SeiZleba, garkveuli azriT, xels Seuwyoben maT ganxorcielebas.